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Dr John Paradin
Publication of the doctoral work is one of the key aspects of academic preparation in the United States. Publication also shows that a candidate can add original value to his or her field, enter professional discussions, and observe high standards of academic and ethical integrity in the field, in addition to meeting degree requirements. The process of doctoral publication in the U.S. higher education system is not controlled by one centralized organization, but rather influenced by institutional, disciplinary, peer-review, and federal regulations on research ethics.
This article provides the official recommendations that the doctoral applicants of the United States ought to adhere to when preparing, presenting, and publishing their studies. It deals with institutional requirements, the type of publication, ethical dynamics, authorship requirements, the peer reviewing process and post publication interests, which is a holistic view of the requirements of a doctoral scholar to publish fairly and successfully.
In the US, higher education institutions and doctoral studies receive a lot of autonomy at the university level. Consequently, there is a great diversity of publication expectations in different disciplines and universities.
In certain doctoral programs, applicants are specifically asked to present one or more peer-reviewed articles before graduation, specifically in the sciences, engineering, medicine, and business. Other academic communities, particularly in the humanities and social sciences, can promote publication, but not require it, placing emphasis on the quality of the dissertation.
The dissertations are also required in many universities to be deposited in institutional repositories or databases like proquest and this may affect the timing of publication and the question of copyright.
In the U.S., doctoral research can be published in various formats, according to the discipline and program format.
The most known type of doctoral publication is peer-reviewed journal articles. These may be:
Preference is usually given to high-quality journals that are presented in recognized databases.
The dissertation can subsequently be published as a dissertation monograph in the disciplines of history, philosophy and literary studies. This is usually a process that is characterized by massive restructuring and is usually sought after upon graduation.
Refereed conference papers may also represent a large part of the publications of the doctoral stage in engineering, computer science, and applied sciences.
Publication may entail in professional doctorates (e.g., DBA, EdD):
The United States has no negotiations when it comes to ethical compliance in doctoral publication.
IRB Approval and Human Subjects.
Any study that is going to be conducted on human subjects should be approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) prior to data collection. In journals, IRB approval is often mandated in the submission of the journals.
The use of animals in research should adhere to the standards of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).
Doctoral candidates should do so that they make sure:
Fabrication, falsification or selective reporting of data is a grave academic offense.
In the U.S authorship practices are governed by general ethics but are controlled in accordance to practices that are specific to the discipline.
In the case of doctoral candidates:
. Their dissertation is mainly the source of the publication.
. Their contribution was the main intellectual contribution.
Co-authors Supervisors or advisors Supervisors or advisors may be listed as co-authors provided they have had substantial input into the study design, analysis, or writing. Honorary or gift authorship is regarded as unethical and there can be retraction or disciplinary measures.
Most juries demand elaborate statements on the contribution of the authors, and this should be done with care and clarity by the doctoral students.
In the United States, the policy against plagiarism is highly applied both at the institutional level and at the journal level.
Plagiarism
Without the appropriate reference, it is forbidden to use the ideas, data or text of others. Doctoral applicants will be expected to:
Self-Plagiarism
It is also not advisable to reuse large parts of one own already submitted or published work without the knowledge of the user. In publishing articles based on the thesis, the candidates should:
The plagiarism detection software is a normal screening process in most universities and journals.
The selection of the appropriate publication venue is a tactical and moral move.
Doctoral students ought to take into account:
Of concern is predatory journals, who receive payments and fail to offer justifiably peer review. Applicants are advised to seek advice on faculty mentors, librarians or identified journal directories to prevent unethical publishers.
The primary aspect of academic publishing in the United States is peer review as a quality assurance measure.
Most journals use:
Doctoral students must be ready to:
Rejection is the norm especially when it comes to early submissions, and is treated as a normal aspect of academic growth.
It is necessary to understand copyright in case of doctoral authors.
Copyright Ownership
Copyright rights are usually held by the authors except when they are transferred to a publisher. Universities are also allowed to assert some of their rights especially on funded research.
Open access dissemination is promoted or compulsory in many institutions in the U.S. The applicants must know:
Funding agencies can introduce more publication and data-sharing requirements.
The U.S. federal agencies (e.g. NSF, NIH) based doctoral research should adhere to certain publication and data management policies. These may include:
Lack of compliance may have an impact on future funding eligibility.
The completion of publication does not stop the roles of a doctoral scholar.
Authors are expected to:
Journals can publish corrections, expressions of concern or retractions in case of serious error or misconduct.
The publication of a doctoral research in the United States is an academic duty as well as a professional achievement. Although expectations differ across institutions and disciplines, the commonalities are that all academic institutions have the same principles which are originality, ethical integrity, scholarly rigor and transparency. Candidates who are doing doctoral work and who comprehend the demands of the institution, adhere to ethical standards, and participate in the peer review process thoughtfully place themselves to be successful in their scholarly careers.
By viewing publication as the culmination of the doctoral training process (not as a mandatory task), candidates will have an opportunity to make a difference in their respective fields and maintain the standards of the higher education and the scholarship in the United States and the world beyond its borders.
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